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Burdens of Proof

James, Fleming
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Burdens of Proof
 47 Va. L. Rev. 51 (1961)
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Faculty Scholarship Series
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Abstract
The term "burden of proof" is used in our law to refer to two separate and quite different concepts. The distinction was not clearly perceived until it was pointed out by James Bradley Thayer in 1898. The decisions before that time and many later ones are hopelessly confused in reasoning about the problem. The two distinct concepts may be referred to as (1) the risk of non-persuasion, or the burden of persuasion or simply persuasion burden; (2) the duty of producing evidence, the burden of going forward with the evidence, or simply the production burden or the burden of evidence.
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http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051/2444